The Connection Between Mental Health and Physical Health

A growing body of research shows that mental and physical health are deeply connected. Studies show that an improvement or decline in one can have a similar effect on the other. This is because factors like stress, sleep, and lifestyle habits affect the mind and body.

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How Mental Health and Physical Health Are Connected

But how exactly does one influence the other? What exactly is happening in the body to allow changes in one to change the other?

To understand why mental and physical health are so closely linked, it’s important to remember that the distinction between the two is less important than we may assume. Our thoughts, moods, and mental state may feel abstract or separate from the physical, but they are all happening as part of our brain activity.

The connections between the brain and different body systems play a role in linking mental and physical health. This includes:

• The nervous system, which communicates information between the brain and body to regulate sensation, movement, and autonomic functions
• The endocrine system, which produces hormones and chemical messengers that can impact both mood and physical functioning
• The immune system, which can be affected by mental health conditions and chronic stress, can potentially increase inflammation and elevate the risk of illness
• The gut-brain axis, which influences communication between the brain and digestive system to affect appetite, mood, and cognitive functioning

How Does Physical Health Affect Mental Health?

One complex interaction between physical changes and mental health involved the interaction of estrogen and dopamine.

• Dopamine, sometimes known as the “happiness hormone,” is associated with motivation and reward, among other brain functions.
• Estrogen downregulates dopamine transmission, mimicking the effects of certain antipsychotic medications.

Postpartum, when estrogen levels dramatically drop, there is an increased vulnerability to psychosis in some individuals. For people with ADHD, this can make symptoms even worse. But for people with bipolar disorder or other conditions involving psychosis, it can make psychosis symptoms better. 

Another example of hormonal changes impacting mental health involves estrogen and serotonin. In some women, the drop in estrogen at the end of their menstrual cycle leads to drops in serotonin in the brain, contributing to emotional symptoms.

Research shows that interaction is a two-way street. Metabolic problems like diabetes, hypertension or even just prolonged periods of poor nutrition can cause stress-induced changes to the brain that lead to mood and neurodevelopmental disorders. Likewise, certain mental health disorders can cause stress that triggers metabolic changes that, over time, can develop into those same metabolic diseases.

How Does Mental Health Affect Physical Health?

A number of studies have found that mental illness may accelerate biological aging, manifesting as increased rates of cardiovascular and other age-related diseases. One psychiatric condition, schizophrenia has been associated with up to 10-20 years shorter life expectancy.

But there’s a lot more involved in aging than just DNA methylation. So it’s more useful to think of your epigenetic clock as a risk factor or predictor, similar to how a person with a genetic predisposition for breast cancer is at higher risk but not guaranteed to get cancer.

What the research shows is that mental illnesses may be linked to premature aging in a few different ways:

• Poor health habits: They can lead to unhealthy behaviors like poor diet, lack of exercise, and substance use that are bad for physical health.
• Sleep disturbances: Many mental health conditions and the stress they cause can disrupt sleep, which can harm physical health over time.
• Increased stress: Stress can cause chronically elevated levels of cortisol, which can disrupt just about every bodily function, including the digestive, immune, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems.

For people with mental illness, this can put them at risk for a range of medical conditions, including:

Tips for Maintaining Mental and Physical Health

There is a silver lining to all the research on the interactions between mental and physical health: it shows that the body and brain are both extremely responsive to change.

That adaptability is partly what can cause a snowball effect of mental and physical health symptoms. But it’s that same adaptability that will allow anything you do to take care of yourself to have the power to trigger a snowball effect of positive changes in your body. Here are a few places you might start.

Make Regular Exercise a Lifelong Habit

The physical and mental health benefits of regular exercise are hard to overstate. It improves muscle mass and function, improves metabolic function, reduces inflammation, strengthens the immune system, improves cardiovascular and respiratory health, and even contributes to better gut microbiome diversity.

All of those physical health benefits will, in turn, improve mental health because they’re interconnected. But exercise also has direct benefits for the brain. Those benefits include:

• Improved cognitive function
• Better executive function, including working memory and impulse control
• Reduced depression and anxiety symptoms
• Reduced stress

Many of these benefits are cumulative, meaning you’ll have to stick with an exercise routine for a while before you notice a difference.

For optimal short and long-term benefits, follow these tips:

• Don’t overdo it. Training that is too intense can end up counteracting the physical and mental benefits of exercise because it causes stress and puts you at risk of injuries.
• Aim for 150-300 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity per week, including some muscle-strengthening activities at least two days per week.
• Pick activities you actually enjoy. Exercise doesn’t have to be about peak performance or maximizing each workout. It just has to be something that gets your body moving and maybe challenges you a bit when you have the energy to challenge yourself. Hike, swim, dance, play with your dog, go for a walk, whatever gets you moving without dreading the idea of exercising. If you don’t know what you enjoy, try something different every week until you find it.
• Start with ridiculously small goals. To avoid quitting before exercising becomes a habit, set daily goals that seem so easy it would be ridiculous not to do them. Each week, set the goal a little higher.

Eat a Healthy, Balanced Diet

Diet is one of the most important risk factors of illness, but it can also be one of the most confusing lifestyle changes to make. There’s so much conflicting information out there about what you should and shouldn’t eat. Plus, a lot of diet plans ask you to track things like fiber, protein, and micronutrients meticulously. It’s overwhelming.

Instead of trying to follow any optimized diet plan or figure out which trending superfood you should be eating, just follow a few basic principles of good nutrition and then don’t stress about it. Key things you can do include:

• Drink more water. The general recommendation is between 3 and 4 liters per day. Don’t worry about alkalinity or electrolytes. Any safe drinking water will hydrate you.
• Eat more fruits and veggies. The recommended five servings work out to about 1 pound per day. Any fresh produce will be good for you, so don’t overthink it. Make sure there isn’t a lot of added sugar or salt with canned and frozen options.
• Be mindful of processed foods. Even minimally processed and ready-made foods, like bread or soup, can contain a surprising amount of salt and sugar. If you do have these ready-made options, check the label to try to find low-sodium, low-sugar alternatives. 

Make Time for Doing Nothing

A lot of health advice, including the tips above, centers on things you need to do or change. But it’s also important to remember that stress is a major factor in the harmful interactions between mental and physical health.

So, part of your healing process should include finding time not to worry about whether you’re eating the right thing, exercising enough, or being productive enough:

• Remove distractions: Take a few minutes each day to sit down with no TV, phone, or other stimulation.
• Focus on the present moment: Notice where you are and what you’re feeling right now. That’s it. Don’t think about what you have to do after this or what you should be feeling or doing right now.
• Practice regularly: Longer periods (think 45 to 60 minutes) are great, but research has found that even 10 minutes a day can help.

This is often referred to as mindfulness, but don’t let the label pressure you into defining what you should be doing or how to optimize this time. The goal is to check in with yourself and take a break from the noise of life.

Key Takeaways

• Mental and physical health are deeply connected, so when one improves or declines, the other often follows.
• Physical health can influence brain chemistry, including neurotransmitters and hormones like dopamine and serotonin, which are linked to conditions such as depression, ADHD, and bipolar disorder.
• Mental health also impacts physical well-being, contributing to poor health habits, disrupted sleep, and increased stress, while exercise, good nutrition, and mindfulness support both mind and body.