Psychological well-being of medical and dental students in Saudi Arabia post worldwide pandemic: a cross sectional study | BMC Medical Education

Dahlin M, Joneborg N, Runeson B. Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. Med Educ. 2005;39(6):594–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. Systematic review of depression, anxiety, And other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. And Canadian medical students. Acad Med. 2006;81(4):354–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200604000-00009.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Alzahem AM, van der Molen HT, Alaujan AH, Schmidt HG, Zamakhshary MH. Stress amongst dental students: a systematic review. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00640.x.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Aboalshamat K, Hou XY, Strodl E. Psychological well-being status among medical and dental students in makkah, Saudi arabia: a cross-sectional study. Med Teach. 2015;37(Suppl 1):S75–81. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2015.1006612.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Knezevic B, Milosevic M, Golubic R, Belosevic L, Russo A, Mustajbegovic J. Work-related stress and work ability among Croatian university hospital midwives. Midwifery. 2011;27(2):146–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2009.04.002.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Abdulghani HM, AlKanhal AA, Mahmoud ES, Ponnamperuma GG, Alfaris EA. Stress and its effects on medical students: a cross-sectional study at a college of medicine in Saudi Arabia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29(5):516–22. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i5.8906.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Murphy RJ, Gray SA, Sterling G, Reeves K, DuCette J. A comparative study of professional student stress. J Dent Educ. 2009;73(3):328–37. PMID: 19289722.

Google Scholar 

Bashir TF, Hassan S, Maqsood A, Khan ZA, Issrani R, Ahmed N, Bashir EF. The psychological impact analysis of novel COVID-19 pandemic in health sciences students: A global survey. Eur J Dent. 2020;14(S 01):S91–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721653.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, Zheng J. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Dhahri AA, Arain SY, Memon AM, Rao A, Medical Education Pakistan (MEP) collaborator group, Mian MA. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical education of final year students in pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2020;60:445–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.025.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Hakami Z, Khanagar SB, Vishwanathaiah S, Hakami A, Bokhari AM, Jabali AH, Alasmari D, Aldrees AM. Psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on dental students: A nationwide study. J Dent Educ. 2021;85(4):494–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12470.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Menon B, Sannapareddy S, Menon M. Assessment of severity of stress among medical and dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2021;24(5):703–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.AIAN_19_21.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Deery C. The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for dental education. Evid Based Dent. 2020;21(2):46–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41432-020-0089-3.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Hakami Z, Vishwanathaiah S, Abuzinadah SH, Alhaddad AJ, Bokhari AM, Marghalani HYA, Shahin SY. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the mental health of dental students: A longitudinal study. J Dent Educ. 2021;85(12):1854–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12758.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Zanon C, Brenner RE, Baptista MN, Vogel DL, Rubin M, Al-Darmaki FR, Gonçalves M, Heath PJ, Liao HY, Mackenzie CS, Topkaya N, Wade NG, Zlati A. Examining the dimensionality, reliability, and invariance of the depression, anxiety, and stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) across eight countries. Assessment. 2021;28(6):1531–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119887449.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Kır F, Bayrak AB, Büyükgöze-Dindar M. Investigation of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety levels and career satisfaction of dentistry students. J Dent Indonesia. 2024;31(1):11–6. https://doi.org/10.14693/jdi.v31i1.1522.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Peters L, Peters A, Andreopoulos E, Pollock N, Pande RL, Mochari-Greenberger H. Comparison of DASS-21, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 in a virtual behavioral health care setting. Heliyon. 2021;7(3):e06473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06473.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Milošević Marković M, Latas MB, Milovanović S, Poznanović ST, Lazarević MM, Karišik MJ, Đorđević J, Mandinić Z, Jovanović S. Mental health and quality of life among dental students during COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-Sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114061.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Ertürk Avunduk AT, Delikan E. Satisfaction and stress levels of dentistry students relating to distance education. Dent Med Probl. 2021;58(3):291–8. https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/135318.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Jowkar Z, Masoumi M, Mahmoodian H. Psychological stress and stressors among clinical dental students at Shiraz school of dentistry, Iran. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2020;11:113–20. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S236758.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Anderson ER, Hope DA. A review of the tripartite model for Understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(2):275–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.004.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Jabali AH, Chourasia HR, Tarrosh MY, Alhazmi YA, Aljabri MY, Chourasia UH, Hakami A, Alroomy R. Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among Saudi arabia’s medical and dental practitioners: A Cross-Sectional study following the Covid-19 pandemic. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2024;30:e942676. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.942676.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Moussa MT, Lovibond P, Laube R, Megahead HA. Psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS). Res Social Work Pract. 2017;27(3):3375–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516662916.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Al-Faris EA, Irfan F, Van der Vleuten CP, Naeem N, Alsalem A, Alamiri N, Alraiyes T, Alfowzan M, Alabdulsalam A, Ababtain A, Aljabab S, Bukhari M, Alsinaidi O, Alofaisan Y. The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms from an Arabian setting: a wake up call. Med Teach. 2012;34(Suppl 1):S32–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.656755.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Moffat KJ, McConnachie A, Ross S, Morrison JM. First year medical student stress and coping in a problem-based learning medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2004;38(5):482–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2929.2004.01814.x.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Niemi PM, Vainiomäki PT. Medical students’ distress—quality, continuity and gender differences during a six-year medical programme. Med Teach. 2006;28(2):136–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590600607088.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Jadoon NA, Yaqoob R, Raza A, Shehzad MA, Zeshan SC. Anxiety and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(8):699–702. PMID: 20726214.

Google Scholar 

Lin XJ, Zhang CY, Yang S, Hsu ML, Cheng H, Chen J, et al. Stress and its association with academic performance among dental undergraduate students in fujian, china: a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02095-4.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Stormon N, Ford PJ, Kisely S, Bartle E, Eley DS. Depression, anxiety and stress in a cohort of Australian dentistry students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2019;23(4):507–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12459.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Naz N, Iqbal SABA, Mahmood A. Stress, anxiety and depression among the dental students of university college of medicine and dentistry lahore; Pakistan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2017;11(4):1277–81.

Google Scholar 

Sravani A, Doshi D, Kulkarni S, Reddy P, Reddy S. Depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate dental students in Hyderabad city, telangana, india: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2018;16:26–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_10_17.

Article 

Google Scholar 

de Oliveira Viana MÁ, Porto É, dos Santos Dantas L, Soares Forte FD. D’Ávila Lins Bezerra Cavalcanti S, de Lima Targino Massoni AC. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Dental Students and Associations with Sociodemographic Variables and the Academic Environment. Trends Psychol. 2024;1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-024-00359-2.

Malik A, Bashir M, Lodhi FS, Jadoon ZG, Tauqir A, Khan MA. Depression, anxiety and stress using depression, anxiety and stress scoring system (DASS-21) among the students of women medical and dental college abbottabad. Pakistan. J Islam Int Med Coll. 2024;19:103–7.

Google Scholar 

Yusoff MS, Abdul Rahim AF, Yaacob MJ. Prevalence and sources of stress among universiti sains Malaysia medical students. Malays J Med Sci. 2010;17(1):30–7. PMID: 22135523.

Google Scholar 

Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:179–86. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5910.b961.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Nayak BS, Sahu PK. Socio-demographic and educational factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among health professions students. Psychol Health Med. 2022;27(4):848–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1896760.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Moradi S, Fateh MS, Movahed E, Mortezagholi B, Amini MJ, Salehi SA, Hajishah H, Nowruzi M, Shafiee A. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among dental students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Educ. 2024;88(7):900–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.13506.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Yusoff MS, Abdul Rahim AF, Baba AA, Ismail SB, Mat Pa MN, Esa AR. Prevalence and associated factors of stress, anxiety and depression among prospective medical students. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6(2):128–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.012.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Ali AM, Ahmed A, Sharaf A, Kawakami N, Abdeldayem SM, Green J. The Arabic version of the depression anxiety stress Scale-21: cumulative scaling and discriminant-validation testing. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;30:56–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.018.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Bener A, Alsulaiman R, Doodson L, El Ayoubi H. Comparison of reliability and validity of the breast cancer depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21) with the Beck depression Inventory-(BDI-II) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Int J Behav Res Psychol. 2016;4(4):197–203. https://doi.org/10.19070/2332-3000-1600035.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci. 2015;43:115–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Aboalshamat K, Jawhari A, Alotibi S, Alzahrani K, Al-Mohimeed H, Alzahrani M, Rashedi H. Relationship of self-esteem with depression, anxiety, and stress among dental and medical students in jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Int Med Dent. 2017;4(2):61–8. https://doi.org/10.18320/JIMD/201704.0261.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Mirza AA, Milaat WA, Ramadan IK, Baig M, Elmorsy SA, Beyari GM, Halawani MA, Azab RA, Zahrani MT, Khayat NK. Depression, anxiety and stress among medical and non-medical students in Saudi arabia: an epidemiological comparative cross-sectional study. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2021;26(2):141–51. https://doi.org/10.17712/nsj.2021.2.20200127.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Fawzy M, Hamed SA. Prevalence of psychological stress, depression and anxiety among medical students in Egypt. Psychiatry Res. 2017;255:186–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.027.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Tripathi R, Alqahtani SS, Meraya AM, Makeen HA, Tripathi P, Pancholi SS. Evaluation of depression, anxiety, and stress among university healthcare students. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2022;12(10):078–87. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2022.121008.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Zarowski B, Giokaris D, Green O. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ mental health: A literature review. Cureus. 2024;16(2):e54032. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.54032.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Alqomaizi N, Alfarraj A, Alrefy H, Altwair M, Almaaz D, Asdaq SMB. Prevalence of stress and its associated factors among students of AlMaarefa colleges of riyadh, Saudi arabia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Asian J Pharm. 2018;12(2):S698. https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v12i02.2429.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Moayedi F, Bastami MM, Ashouri FP, Hamadiyan H, Rasekhi S. Comparison of sources and severity of perceived stress between paramedical and medical students. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2016;5(6):183–90.

Google Scholar 

Bali H, Rai V, Khanduri N, Tripathi R, Adhikari K, Sapkota B. Perceived stress and stressors among medical and dental students of bhairhawa, nepal: A descriptive Cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2020;58(226):383–9. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.4911.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Shahaf-Oren B, Madan I, Henderson C. A lot of medical students, their biggest fear is failing at being seen to be a functional human: disclosure and help-seeking decisions by medical students with health problems. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21: 599. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03032-9.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Torales J, Torres A, Sánchez M, O’Higgins M, Amarilla D, Molodynski A, Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventriglio A, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Barrios I. Red de Estudiantes Investigadores En Neurociencias. A National Epidemiologic Mixed-methods Study on Depression, Anxiety, Substance Use, Treatment Needs and Barriers and Facilitators to Treatment Among Medical Students. Indian J Psychol Med. 2025;27:02537176251316798. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176251316798.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Kulsoom B, Afsar NA. Stress, anxiety, and depression among medical student in a multiethnic setting. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1713–22.

Google Scholar 

Makki NM, Alharbi AK, Aloufi AA, Darandari ZAA, Alsubhi FN, Al Wahhas HM, Almutairi AA. Depression, anxiety, and stress among different phases of medical students in Taibah university: a comparative study. Int J Med Dev Ctries. 2021;6:71. https://doi.org/10.24911/IJMDC.51-1634109470.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Abdalla ME, Shorbagi S. Challenges faced by medical students during their first clerkship training: A cross-sectional study from a medical school in the middle East. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018;13(4):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.03.008.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Shadman N, Raoof M, Hoseinifar R, Torabi M, Haghani J, Mohammad–Alizadeh S, et al. Evaluation of stressors in various dentistry departments in Kerman university of medical sciences, iran, in the academic year of 2015–2016: A cross–sectional study. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol. 2020;9:73–9. https://doi.org/10.22122/johoe.v9i2.1042.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Collin V, O’Selmo E, Whitehead P. Stress, psychological distress, burnout and perfectionism in UK dental students. Br Dent J. 2020;229(9):605–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2281-4.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Puthran R, Zhang MW, Tam WW, Ho RC. Prevalence of depression amongst medical students: a meta-analysis. Med Educ. 2016;50(4):456–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12962.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Deng Y, Cherian J, Khan NUN, Kumari K, Sial MS, Comite U, Gavurova B, Popp J. Family and academic stress and their impact on students’ depression level and academic performance. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:869337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869337.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Rezaei M, Khormali M, Akbarpour S, Sadeghniiat-Hagighi K, Shamsipour M. Sleep quality and its association with psychological distress and sleep hygiene: a cross-sectional study among pre-clinical medical students. Sleep Sci. 2018;11(4):274–80. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-0063.20180043.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Al-Khani AM, Sarhandi MI, Zaghloul MS, Ewid M, Saquib N. A cross-sectional survey on sleep quality, mental health, and academic performance among medical students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4713-2.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P. Sleep deprivation: impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(5):553–67. PMID: 19300585; PMCID: PMC2656292.

Google Scholar 

Abdulghani HM, Alrowais NA, Bin-Saad NS, Al-Subaie NM, Haji AM, Alhaqwi AI. Sleep disorder among medical students: relationship to their academic performance. Med Teach. 2012;34(Suppl 1):S37–41. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.656749.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Nikolic A, Bukurov B, Kocic I, Vukovic M, Ladjevic N, Vrhovac M, Pavlović Z, Grujicic J, Kisic D, Sipetic S. Smartphone addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1252371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252371.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Al-Saleh SA, Al-Madi EM, Al-Angari NS, Al-Shehri HA, Shukri MM. Survey of perceived stress-inducing problems among dental students, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J. 2010;22(2):83–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.02.007.

Article 

Google Scholar 

Alhajj MN, Khader Y, Murad AH, Celebic A, Halboub E, Márquez JR, Macizo CC, Khan S, Basnet BB, Makzoumé JE, de Sousa-Neto MD, Camargo R, Prasad DA, Faheemuddin M, Mir S, Elkholy S, Abdullah AG, Ibrahim AA, Al-Anesi MS, Al-Basmi AA. Perceived sources of stress amongst dental students: A multicountry study. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(4):258–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12350.

Article 

Google Scholar